TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL STENOSIS: ETIOLOGIES, BRONCHOSCOPIC INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES

Abstract

Tracheal stenosis is narrowing of the trachea by neoplastic or non-neoplastic processes. Symptoms develop when the narrowing impedes flow and increases resistance within the airways. Medications, such as bronchodilators, are unable to significantly improve the airflow in these circumstances due to the fixed anatomic defects and other modalities are required. Bronchoscopic interventions include the use of balloons, ablative treatment and stenting, among others, to increase the airway diameter and provide symptomatic relief. Surgical resection is indicated in some causes. This article will review causes and bronchoscopic treatment options for common causes of tracheobronchial stenosis.