Clinical, Epidemiological, and Microbiological Profile of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of illness and death around the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Its clinical features and the pathogens that cause it can differ by region. These differences are affected by existing health conditions and local resistance patterns. Knowing these factors is crucial for developing effective diagnosis and treatment methods. Objective: To assess the clinical presentation, epidemiological characteristics, and microbiological etiology of patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. Methodology: This study took place at a tertiary care hospital and involved 160 adult patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. We recorded detailed clinical histories, comorbidities, and radiological findings. Sputum samples were collected for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing using standard microbiological methods. We interpreted antimicrobial susceptibility following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines to identify resistance patterns. Results: Out of 160 patients, 76% were male. The most affected age groups were 31 to 40 years and 61 to 70 years. Common other health issues included hypertension at 24.3%, smoking at 21.8%, COPD at 20%, and diabetes at 18.7%. Sputum cultures tested positive in 65% of cases. The leading pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae at 44% and Pseudomonas spp. at 22%. There was high resistance to ceftriaxone at 83%. Conclusion: The study showed a heavy impact of CAP in middle-aged and older men with common health issues like hypertension and COPD. Gram-negative bacteria, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas spp., were the main pathogens. High resistance to cephalosporins restricts their use.