Awakening Approach towards Sleep Disorders - Are we Dreaming Big Enough?
Keywords:
Sleep Disorders, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Respiratory DiseasesAbstract
Background: Sleep is a vital component of overall health, supporting memory, emotional stability, and protection against chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. However, the prevalence of sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, has significantly increased worldwide, leading to numerous health consequences. Chronic sleep deprivation disrupts energy homeostasis, emotional regulation, and metabolic functions, contributing to conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and mental health disorders. Objective: To identify the most common types of sleep disorders and evaluate their current treatment strategies to equip healthcare professionals with updated knowledge for better management of these conditions. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Embase, ProQuest, and EconLit. The search spanned from 2005 to 2022 and used Boolean and MeSH terms like "Sleep disorders," "Types," and "treatment strategy." Additional references were identified through citation tracking from relevant papers. Results: The review highlighted the global rise in sleep disorders, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Insomnia remains the most prevalent sleep disorder, with alarming rates in both developed and developing countries. The review found that mismanagement of sleep disorders in countries with limited healthcare access, such as Pakistan, often leads to inappropriate use of medications like benzodiazepines. Conclusion: There is a critical need for more research on sleep disorders, particularly in developing countries, to better understand their prevalence and treatment strategies. Improving healthcare access and training professionals on up-to-date treatments can significantly mitigate the growing burden of sleep disorders, reducing their impact on both physical and mental health.References
Abe M, Abe H. Lifestyle medicine–An evidence based approach to nutrition, sleep, physical activity, and stress management on health and chronic illness. Personalized Med Universe. 2019; 8:3-9.
Eugene AR, Masiak J. The neuroprotective aspects of sleep. MEDtube Sci. 2015; 3(1):35.
Ibarra-Coronado EG, Pantaleón-MartÃnez AM, Velazquéz-Moctezuma J, Prospéro-GarcÃa O, Méndez-DÃaz M, Pérez-Tapia M, et al. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and immunity against infections. J Immunol Res Res. 2015;2015.
Harding K, Feldman M. Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(4):473-4.
Szymusiak R, Gvilia I, McGinty D. Hypothalamic control of sleep. Sleep Med. 2007;8(4):291-301.
Szymusiak R, McGinty D. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and arousal. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1129(1):275-86.
Penev PD. Update on energy homeostasis and insufficient sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(6):1792-801.
Van Reekum CM, Urry HL, Johnstone T, Thurow ME, Frye CJ, Jackson CA, et al. Individual differences in amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity are associated with evaluation speed and psychological well-being. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19(2):237-48.
Pessoa L. Emotion and cognition and the amygdala: from “what is it?†to “what's to be done?â€. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(12):3416-29.
Knutson KL, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E. The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(3):163-78.
AlDabal L, BaHammam AS. Metabolic, endocrine, and immune consequences of sleep deprivation. Open Respir Med J. 2011;5:31.
LeBlanc M, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Mérette C, Savard J, Ivers H, Morin CM. Psychological and health-related quality of life factors associated with insomnia in a population-based sample. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63(2):157-66.
Taylor DJ, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel BW, Bush AJ. Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep. 2007;30(2):213-8.
Buysse DJ, Angst J, Gamma A, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults. Sleep. 2008;31(4):473-80.
Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487-504.
Pandi-Perumal SR, Verster JC, Kayumov L, Lowe AD, Santana MG, Pires ML, et al. Sleep disorders, sleepiness and traffic safety: a public health menace. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006;39:863-71.
Acquavella J, Mehra R, Bron M, Suomi JM, Hess GP. Prevalence of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders and frequency of diagnostic tests from 2013–2016 in insured patients actively seeking care. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(8):1255-63.
Léger D, Poursain B, Neubauer D, Uchiyama M. An international survey of sleeping problems in the general population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(1):307-17.
Inoue Y. Asian specific feature of sleep habits and sleep disorders. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2016;14(2):123-4.
Cao XL, Wang SB, Zhong BL, Zhang L, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, et al. The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0170772.
Gureje O, Makanjuola VA, Kola L. Insomnia and role impairment in the community. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(6):495-501.
Bolge SC, Doan JF, Kannan H, Baran RW. Association of insomnia with quality of life, work productivity, and activity impairment. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(4):415-22.
Kidwai R, Ahmed SH. Prevalence of insomnia and use of sleep medicines in urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63(11):1358-63.
Iqbal SP, Ahmer S, Farooq S, Parpio Y, Tharani A, Khan RA, et al. Benzodiazepine use among adults residing in the urban settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2011;6(1):1-7.
Iqbal F, Shafiq B, Noor SS, Ali Z, Memon N, Memon N. Economic burden of periprosthetic joint infection following primary total knee replacement in a developing country. Clin Orthop Surg. 2020;12(4):470.
Roth T. Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(5 suppl):S7-10.
Buysse DJ, Angst J, Gamma A, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults. Sleep. 2008;31(4):473-80.
Cho YW, Shin WC, Yun CH, Hong SB, Kim J, Earley CJ. Epidemiology of insomnia in Korean adults: prevalence and associated factors. J Clin Neurol. 2009;5(1):20-3.
Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML. Acute and chronic insomnia: what has time and/or hyperarousal got to do with it? Brain Sci. 2020;10(2):71.
Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487-504.
Stepanski EJ. Causes of insomnia. Sleep: A Compr Handb. 2006:99-102.
Dauvilliers Y. Insomnia in patients with neurodegenerative conditions. Sleep Med. 2007;8:S27-34.
Bootzin RR, Smith LJ, Franzen PL, Shapiro SL. Stimulus control therapy. In Insomnia 2016;284-292. CRC Press.
Hoelscher TJ, Edinger JD. Treatment of sleep-maintenance insomnia in older adults: sleep period reduction, sleep education, and modified stimulus control. Psychol Aging. 1988;3(3):258.
Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(3):191-204.
Drerup ML, Ahmed-Jauregui S. Online delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy-insomnia: considerations and controversies. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(2):283-90.
Okajima I, Komada Y, Inoue Y. A meta-analysis on the treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2011;9(1):24-34.
M Richey S, D Krystal A. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of insomnia. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(15):1471-5.
Sullivan SS. Narcolepsy in adolescents. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2010;21(3):542-5.
Overeem S. The clinical features of cataplexy. In Narcolepsy. 2011;283-290. Springer, New York, NY.
Leschziner G. Narcolepsy: a clinical review. Pract Neurol. 2014;14(5):323-31.
Dekker MC, Wilson MH, Howlett WP. Mountain neurology. Prac Neuro. 2019;19(5):404-11.
Bhattarai J, Sumerall S. Current and future treatment options for narcolepsy: a review. Sleep Sci. 2017;10(1):19.
Peacock J, Benca RM. Narcolepsy: Clinical features, co-morbidities & treatment. Indian J Med Res. 2010;131(2):338.
Tarasiuk A, Reuveni H. The economic impact of obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19(6):639-44.
Lal C, Strange C, Bachman D. Neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2012;141(6):1601-10.
Vicini C, Montevecchi F, Magnuson JS. Robotic surgery for obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2013;1(3):130-6.
Camacho M, Riley RW, Capasso R, O'Connor P, Chang ET, Reckley LK, et al. Sleep surgery tool: A medical checklist to review prior to operating. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017;45(3):381-6.
Powell J, Powell S. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Very Young. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2018;6(1):48-55.
Rashwan MS, Montevecchi F, Cammaroto G, Badr el Deen M, Iskander N, El Hennawi D, et al. Evolution of soft palate surgery techniques for obstructive sleep apnea patients: A comparative study for single-level palatal surgeries. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018;43(2):584-90.
Li HY. Palatal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: from ablation to reconstruction. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(1):51-8.
Elasfour, Miyazaki S, Itasaka Y, Yamakawa K, Ishikawa K, Togawa AK. Evaluation of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998;118(537):52-6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
